DINAMIKA AGENCY DAN RESISTENSI PEREMPUAN MUSLIMDALAM PROGRAM PEMBERDAYAAN BERBASIS PESANTREN DANMAJELIS TAKLIM
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Abstract
Socio-economic empowerment programs for women based in Islamic religious
institutions are often viewed dichotomously as either vehicles for emancipation
or tools for reinforcing patriarchy. This qualitative study, utilizing a critical
ethnographic and phenomenological approach, aims to analyze how grass-roots
Muslim women negotiate religious norms, patronage systems, and economic
independence through their involvement in female Islamic boarding school
(pesantren putri) cooperatives and majelis taklim (religious study group)
business enterprises in East Java, Indonesia. Integrating Saba Mahmood’s
agency theory and Pierre Bourdieu’s social capital theory, data were collected
over six months through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 12 female
members, participant observation, and institutional document analysis. Data
were analyzed thematically using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and
Saldaña. The findings indicate that: (1) religious networks serve as a space for
converting social and symbolic capital (pious social capital), generating trust
and communal economic assurance; (2) women exercise subversive agency and
pious agency by framing economic activities as part of ritual piety and family
assistance to secure mobility permission without triggering gender
confrontation; and (3) outward compliance (docility) toward religious elite
patronage is utilized as an invisible tactic to expand autonomous control over
household finances. This study revises Western secular feminist perspectives by
demonstrating that traditional religious structures do not always restrict, but can
instead serve as strategic means to realize women’s autonomy in the Global
South.
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References
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